I am also attempting to keep a more easily-navigated version of this material on my website.
June 2nd, 2016
I am also attempting to keep a more easily-navigated version of this material on my website.
November 29th, 2007
Walter Burkert
Harvard: Cambridge, MA, 1985
Walter Burkert's survey of Greek religion from prehistory to the Classical era is widely regarded as the authoritative text on the matter, and this reputation is deserved. Spanning the eras between the Minoan civilization on Crete to the development of philosophical approaches to theology by the likes of Plato and Aristotle. Burkert focuses mainly on the public religion of the polis, the aspect of Greek religion that we know most about, as it was what writers wrote about; personal religion is mentioned where appropriate but the main thrust of the book is towards the official religion of the ancient Greek city-states. The topics he covers are highly applicable to Hellenic religion in an ADF context, though, giving the reader the ancient Greek viewpoint of many of our standard ADF practices: libations and other offerings, ritual and its function in a Hellenic context, seasonal festivals in a Greek model, and the roles of Ancestors/Heroes and Nature Spirits in Greek cosmology. His review of the Gods of the Greeks was extremely helpful to me; from the twelve Olympian deities to the minor ones, Burkert details the general mythology surrounding the deities and gives some idea of the role and sphere with which each is concerned. His treatment of Heracles and other heroes helped me understand where their veneration fit within both Greek piety and within Our Druidry; among the Ancestors I count both those from whom I descend by blood and those I consider "ancestors in spirit", and it is these spiritual forebears that most resemble the Hellenic conception of the mighty heroic dead.
My only complaint with the book is my perception that Burkert has a tendency towards a Darwinian model of religious development. This is an idea which does not sit well with me and which is out of fashion in the field of Religious Studies: the idea that societies begin their religious explorations with animism and evolve through polytheism toward monotheism is a triumphalistic view that sees "ethical monotheism" (read: Christianity or Judaism) as the pinnacle of religious thought. Burkert never explicitly claims that the Greeks were evolving in this way but it was implied strongly throughout the text. Despite the occasional "huh?" moment when encountering a statement that treated polytheism as an outdated aberration, this book was helpful and continues to be an excellent recommendation as an introduction to the Hellenic hearth culture.
November 5th, 2007
Location: Oldwick, NJ
I made the two-hour drive up into central Jersey for Spiral Spirit's Samhain, and it was well worth the effort! We gathered in the house of two of our members beforehand, and went over the rite for the benefit especially of several people who had never done ADF ritual before, and practiced the chants for the ritual, all of which were favorites of mine. We'd all brought a potluck dish to be shared during and after the ritual; we'd been encouraged to bring a food that was reminiscent of our ancestors -- a family dish, or something similar. I'd made Sheep Dip, which was my family's name for a spinach-laden dip served in a hollow bread bowl; this was a frequent feature at the potlucks and holiday dinners of my youth.
Once we were ready to start, we filed onto the back porch and then processed into the grove with "We Approach the Sacred Grove". West offered coffee to the Outsiders and then we spent a bit of time contemplating our coming-togetherness before the purification rite. I asperged everyone while another druid censed the participants. An Earth Mother offering was made then, barley and oats, while we chanted the "Earth Mother" chant.
Sarah, who was leading the ritual, said a few words about the festival and about Donn, the patron of the rite, and then we sang the Portal Song while offerings were made to the Fire, Well and Tree. West then opened the Gates, praying to Manannan Mac Lir as the Gatekeeper.
We invited the Kindreds in next with offerings: seeds for the Nature Spirits, shortbread and whiskey for the Ancestors, and oil for the Gods. Donn and the Ancestors got special invocations as well as extra offerings.
Once we'd finished establishing the Grove and making the requisite offerings, we stood silently for a bit and then filed into the house for the Dumb Supper, which is becoming established as a Spiral Spirit Samhain tradition. Without speaking, we each put a bit of the food we'd brought onto a platter for the Ancestors, and then the platter was offered silently to them at the head of the table in the dining room. After that we all dished out plates for ourselves and sat in the dining room with the Ancestors and ate our meal in silence. (Well, mostly silence; West had a CD of some sort of Celtic music interspersed with digeridoo music that accompanied the meal.)
It was a little weird not talking at first, but as the meal progressed it started to feel very significant. Memories of my relations and friends who were no longer around here kept coming to mind, and overall it was a very moving experience. At the end of the meal, West broke the silence with an Irish blessing, and we went back out to the grove to finish our rite.
Sarah offered the Ancestors' platter of food into the Fire so it could be consumed, and then other offerings were made to specific Ancestors. Once that was finished, the Omen was taken. The runes were used this time, and Cat read them:

Gebo was for Gift, which the Nature Spirits were giving us in return for our offerings, and also emphasized the reciprocal nature of our Druidry. Beorc is for new birth, new growth, the gift of the Gods, and the Ancestors' gift of Raidho symbolized journeying; Cat interpreted this as the Ancestors continuing on their way after our Samhain rite.
After such an auspicious omen, West passed the Waters of Life, a cup of whiskey and a cup of water. Once we thanked the Kindreds for their presence, and thanked the Earth mother, and closed the Gates, we stood together for a while and talked about the things we'd thought about and felt during the Dumb Supper. We then went back inside and socialized and ate more of the food, with a lot less silence.
October 13th, 2007
Margot Adler
Penguin, New York, 2006
( Review follows... )
October 12th, 2007
Modern Paganism also recognizes Samhain as the primary festival of the Dead. The rite I will be attending is to feature Donn as the patron; Donn features in Irish myth as one of the Sons of Mil, who, as the Milesians attempted to land on Ireland, was knocked dead from the mast of their ship by the magic of the Tuatha Dé Danann. The bard Amergin declared that the spot where Donn fell would be the place that the Sons of Mil would go after death, and Donn became the ancestral Lord of the Dead in the Irish mythos, the keeper of the House of Donn under the waves where the Ancestors lived. On Samhain we particularly remember and honor our beloved dead; thanks to the liminality of the Gate of the Year, it is often said that the Ancestors and the Otherworlds are closest to our world at that time.
September 27th, 2007
As the dark half of the year progresses in the wake of the Summer Solstice, the hours of light diminish a little more each day. On this equinox, day and night again come nearest to equality before darkness begins to fill more than half of each day; we know that the sun will set sooner and sooner each evening, until at Yule we experience the longest night of the year.
This equinox is primarily celebrated as a harvest festival, the second of three and the one most focused on the harvest. We celebrate the bounty of the earth, remembering that we depend on its fecundity to stay us through the barren winter. Although in the U.S. our national harvest festival, the secular holiday of Thanksgiving, is celebrated between Samhain and Yule, in Britain the Fall Harvest is still usually celebrated in September or early October, timed to the full moon nearest the Equinox, called the "Harvest Moon." We thank the Kindreds for the blessings of fertility and health on the crops and in return we give them the gifts that sustain the lifegiving relationship we have with each other.
September 26th, 2007
Rite Recap: Solitary Autumn Equinox Rite, 9/23/07
Location: Home Shrine
I was out of town for Spiral Spirit's rite; I was camping, which seems like the ideal location for a druid to celebrate a ritual. I was seated in front of my campfire with a cup of water, an oak tree and some sacrifices, and I'd just gotten halfway through doing the Two Powers meditation when I was re-joined by one of my (Jewish, not druish) camping companions, who wanted company. So in the end I just waited until I got home and could rely on the privacy of my home shrine to observe the Equinox.
The ritual I used was the Simple Rite of Offering from the DP handbook, augmented with particular recognitions of the Festival. I poured an offering of whisky to the Outdwellers out the living room window before I went in to my shrine. For the Earth Mother invocation, I followed the form we'd used at Spiral Spirit's midsummer rite and offered old-world oats and new-world cornmeal with the RDNA Earth Mother prayer. Silver was given to the well, oil to the fire, and I asperged and smudged myself and the shrine before offering to Cernunnos as Gatekeeper. I opened the gates and began the offerings.
I used Talisker whisky, most of the last of the bottle that was given to us at our wedding (we don't drink whisky much; I'll need to buy another bottle of whisky just for my rites -- it adds an extra-punchy dimension of feeling to the words "the blessing flows and shines in me" after you swallow it at the blessing!) I offered to Belenos and Damona as primary patrons of the rite; as they are a solar/lunar pair it seemed fitting at the Equinox.
The omen was as follows:
Ancestors:
hagalaz
Spirits:
elhaz
Gods:
wunjo
Hagalaz and elhaz are both protection runes; wunjo is harmony, joy and fellowship. Hagalaz and elhaz also share a certain aspect of harmony; hagalaz symbolizes harmony within oneself, and elhaz harmony with the Kindreds. With wunjo as harmony with one's fellow humans, this is a bright and welcome omen.
I made a final offering and sent as much gratitude and love through the gate as I could along with the offering, and then accepted the return flow and drank the whisky. It burned within me, all right. I then said my thanks to the Kindreds and the Gatekeeper, and closed the gates with his help. I thanked the Mother again and ended the rite.
I would like to find ways to make my solitary Festival rites more representative of the Festivals themselves; while I am hoping to more regularly be able to attend Grove rites there will doubtless be occasions when I have to observe them alone and it would be beneficial to be prepared with more ways to differentiate these rites from my standard devotions.
September 14th, 2007
Fertility is one of the things that most occupied the minds of the paleopagans: the fertility of the crops and of the livestock and of the wild flora and fauna held the power of life and death over our Ancestors. Today the vast majority of us in the developed world are divorced from the immediacy of the effects of fertility on our survival. The chops and steaks in the supermarket don’t bring to mind the piglets and calves that had to be bred and borne and birthed, nor do the ever-present vegetables in the produce aisle remind us of the delicate cycles of sun and rain and soil that, if thrown off-balance, can abandon fields to dirt and stomachs to an empty winter.
On a personal level, fertility becomes a virtue when it is put into the service of life. The pursuit of generative activities can be a way to increase the well-being of yourself and the people around you. These activities can include arts of all forms, increasing your personal fertility by exercising your creative impulses; gardening and other practices that work to increase the fertility of the land; and spiritual work, lending to what Earth-centered Christian theologian Matthew Fox calls the “greening of the soul”. A green and growing spirit resists the dryness of spiritual rigidity and the apathy that can be the result of living in a society largely disconnected from its roots, and this can only be a virtue.
Let a man hold the cup,
yet of the mead drink moderately,
speak sensibly or be silent.
As of a fault
no man will admonish thee,
if thou goest betimes to sleep.
–Hávamál 19
This tidbit of lore comes from the Hávamál, or the "Sayings of Hár", a part of the Eddas from the Norse tradition. Purported to be the words of Oðinn, the All-Father, much of Hávamál centers on themes of moderation, of discipline and restraint. A wise man, says Oðinn, knows when to eat and when to stop eating, when to drink and when to say "enough", when to speak and when it would be more prudent to listen and learn. All these things center on the ADF virtue of moderation.
Moderation is not self-denial; moderation does not demand that we forego the pleasures that this life affords. Moderation only requires that we not allow our partaking in these pleasures to turn to our detriment through excess. We've all experienced the results of having "too much of a good thing", be it a stomachache after a particularly lavish Thanksgiving dinner or a pounding headache the morning after a night of overindulgence. The virtue of moderation lies in the ability to discern the amount of indulgence that allows for pleasure without being detrimental to our health, prosperity or relationships with others.
July 25th, 2007
Hospitality as an act of reciprocal giving is at the root of the sacrificial traditions of Our Druidry, making contemplation and an attempt to achieve a thorough understanding of this virtue essential to effective Druidic practice. Hospitality as practiced between ourselves and the Kindreds mirrors the hospitality we are probably more familiar with in our this-worldly lives.
Hosting a guest in your home is a disruption no matter how willing you are to have them stay. The fact that “host” and “guest” both come from the IE root *ghosti, with its encompassing meaning of “stranger,” points to a fact of hospitality: being a host or being hosted is a very intimate experience as we partake in aspects of each other’s lives that we ordinarily do not. For some of us this sort of intimacy can be quite uncomfortable. I admit that often, even when I agree that we can host someone, I do not manifest this virtue wholeheartedly but out of a sense of duty. Regardless of the degree to which I am feeling welcome, however, I try to strike that artful balance between solicitousness and a laissez-faire “leave them alone” approach. When staying at someone else’s home, it is likewise important to me to be a considerate and appreciative guest as at least partial repayment for that inconvenience. We have had many guests who were well-behaved, as well as a few who were disastrous enough to make me want never to put a friend through that!
The concept of reciprocity in these interactions is important: when our generosity is met with disrespect then the likelihood that a guest will be welcome to stay again is very low, and we can expect that if we’re not good guests we won’t be invited back. Not only this, but if a guest is being a mooch or otherwise not holding up his end of the *ghosti transaction we are less likely to give as generously of our goods and time as we would otherwise. Likewise with the Kindreds: we cannot expect their assistance and alliance if we do not hold up our end of the bargain at least as well as they do.
One aspect of most religions nowadays is the concept of charity; Christians and Muslims among many others are enjoined to practice charity of some sort by their faiths. In my experience Pagans do not often talk about charity as a religious duty; I believe part of this is the result of Paganism being the reconstitution of faiths from days when charity was not seen as a virtue separate from that of hospitality. In many of the cultures we look to, one would ideally not drop coins in the cup of a vagrant or transient—one would take him into one’s house and feed him and give him shelter as best as one could: charity and hospitality were one and the same. The realities of modern life prevent this from being a prudent course of action, but some do manifest this form of hospitality in other ways. I think particularly of two ladies from the Christian church I attended: Lee Ann Draud and her adopted teenage daughter Nikki. These women’s ministry took the form of organizing and running the University City Hospitality Coalition (there’s that word again) which Lee Ann has done since 1990, and which Nikki has done all her life. UCHC feeds the hungry at no charge—and with no religious obligations attached—six nights a week in the West Philadelphia area in various church halls, and the vast bulk of the work falls to these two women. This taking in of hungry people and maintaining them by feeding them well is a deep form of hospitality; for those of us who cannot do this sort of work, donating to similar worthy causes can be a way to increase hospitality towards the needy.
( Read more... )
I look forward to trying this again; with practice I want to see if I can enhance the experience by accessing even deeper trance states.
July 20th, 2007
Perseverance would seem to be the most obvious of virtues for the Dedicant. Embarking on any course of study almost guarantees that the student will have need of this virtue before the studies have been completed; it is easy to think of many other things that would be more fun than continuing to read, write and think about the subject at hand. I know this from recent personal experience; I was a latecomer to university study, beginning my undergraduate work in my late 20s and completing it only this past December, all while continuing my regular full-time employment. There were many days when I was eating lunch with my partner and complained to him: “I really don’t want to go to class tonight!” I nearly always did go, however, spending more than three months of the next four years in the classroom and close to that much hitting the books on my own – but in the end, it paid off with a degree and honors recognition. It would have been so easy and felt so good at any point in those four years to “take a break” and ultimately never get back to my studies, but I persevered and reached the goal I was aiming for.
The myths we tell display perseverance more dramatically and occasionally on an epic scale: Frigg, doggedly securing the oaths of every thing in the Worlds that could possibly harm her precious Balder, and Hermod riding through utter darkness for a full nine days to try to rescue Balder from Hel. In the Mabinogion, Pwyll steadfastly resists the temptation to have sex with Arawn’s beautiful wife for an entire year as he masquerades as Arawn in Annwfn, leading to the friendship of Arawn and a great increase in his prestige. In a myth closer to our own time, I remember a particularly moving episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation in which the hero Picard is tortured by the evil Cardassians – and he perseveres despite the torment to be rescued with his integrity intact, having endangered none of his people by giving up strategic information.
All these examples point to the importance of perseverance in our culture. By remaining steadfast and sticking to a course of action or a principle, each of these people reap benefit: Frigg’s son stayed safe until Loki found the one thing that she’d overlooked, Hermod reaches Hel and secures the possibility of escape for his brother, Pwyll becomes the Head of Annwfn, and Jean-Luc Picard escapes the Cardassians bowed but unbroken. Perseverance is a virtue because difficulties crop up nearly any time we attempt to do something of value, and without perseverance we would give up and never do worthy things, which would be a shameful waste of the opportunities and resources each of us is given. By manifesting this virtue with courage and integrity, we can make the most of these gifts and make our world a better place.
July 18th, 2007
Jean Louis Brunaux
(tr. Daphne Nash)
B.A. Seaby Ltd., London, 1988
154 pp.
( Review follows... )
July 17th, 2007
( Clicky... )
July 15th, 2007
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth
J.P. Mallory
Thames and Hudson Ltd.,London, 1989
288pp.
( Review follows... )
July 14th, 2007
The quality of integrity is one of the virtues that is extolled throughout mythology both ancient and modern. Somehow, though, it is the people who fail most at this virtue that we remember most: the liars, the cheaters, the despots, the quislings and the hypocrites tend to stick in the memory of the people far longer and with greater intensity of emotion than those who are upright, true, loyal and just. Perhaps this is indicative of the importance of integrity: those who lack it bring harm not only to themselves, but to everyone around them.
Integrity as defined by the Dedicant Program involves ways of interacting with others and with oneself that result in an enriching of both personal and interpersonal strength. It increases our personal growth and strength when we remain true to our deep feelings, when we heed the prodding of our conscience or bolster our self-confidence. It also increases our personal inner strength when we courageously examine these deep feelings and our conscience, especially if we find ourselves growing judgmental of ourselves and others, to examine the sources of these feelings and determine whether they are productive and constructive limits on behavior or whether they are restricting and destructive bonds that would be better excised from our habitual thoughts. This sort of self-awareness is especially important for those of us who were raised in moral/ethical systems that stressed ways of being that we as Pagans do not embrace; the ingrained and enculturated thought patterns of our childhood can wield great power even many years after we thought we had left them behind!
Only by being people who are loyal, truthful, fair and trustworthy, will we be able to form meaningful and respectful relationships with our fellow humans and the other Kindreds that make up our world. Everyone may remember the betrayers, the backstabbers and the niðingar, but no one wants to have anything to do with them either.
Lugunassatis (Gaulish), or Lughnassadh (Irish), is one of the four greater festivals in the pagan year and one of the four great fire festivals of the Celtic year. Falling around the first of August in the commonest modern reckoning, this festival celebrates the first fruits of the harvest. Named for the god Lugos / Lugh, this festival is an excellent time to thank the Kindreds for the burgeoning crops and to give offerings to request that the later-ripening crops not be damaged by storms, blight, or any other ill.
Lugunassatis is also a traditional time for the ingathering of the Tribes. Because the myths hold that after Lugh’s foster-mother Tailtiu was killed in battle with the Fomorians, he began to hold annual games in honor of her, some modern Pagans hold races, challenges and games among the gathered people as part of their celebrations.
I used Talisker whiskey again for the main offering.. potent! I called Cernunnos for gatekeeper, on the theories expressed by Ceiswr Serith and Mary Jones that he is a liminal God and governs communications between humans and the Gods; calling on him as Gatekeeper worked just fine at Midsummer and I've long felt a connection with him.
The omen was:

The first was the Ancestors' gift, the second the Spirits', and the third the Gods'. Mannaz is "Man" but with a distinct sense of "mortal", likely indicating in this case that a right relationship with the ancestors will lead to being included among them after I die. Kenaz is "torch", knowledge and intellect and vision; I got the distinct impression that this gift was particularly closely linked with the third rune, Ingwaz. Ing is Frey's rune, the prime fertility rune. It occurred to the Hebraicist in me that this triad "M-K-NG" is the English word "making" sans vowels; the English word "to make" is derived via OE "maccian" from an old Germanic word and ultimately from a PIE root hypothesized to mean "to knead, work with the hands" (OED, make, v.1.) Reading Kenaz and Ingwaz together indicates that the Kindreds are offering something like "creative juices" in the realms of study and creation. I accepted all this and drank the very strong whiskey, internalizing the return flow.
July 9th, 2007
Courage is a virtue much lauded in modern America. This became particularly apparent in the wake of the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York; in the aftermath of this man-made disaster, America became obsessed with heroism and heroic memes. The firefighters and other rescue workers who displayed immense courage in rescuing as many people before and after the buildings collapsed became practically deified in the media and in popular culture; at least one individual, NYFD chaplain Father Mychal Judge, has had his case proposed for canonization as a Catholic saint and martyr, and at least one catholic church body independent of the Roman church has canonized him as a saint.
Can the virtue of courage only be displayed in such extreme situations? When most of us think about courage, we tend to think first of battles and war and violence and the performance of duty in the face of possible mortal danger. For those of us who do not have functions in our society cognate to Dumezil’s warrior class, how can we cultivate the virtue of courage in our lives?
In preparing to write this essay, I defined courage in this way, slightly expanded from the definition given in the DP:
Courage: The ability to manifest right action despite fear, uncertainty or difficulties.
For those of us who do not put our lives on the line on a regular basis, the idea of “moral courage” confronts us more often than that of “physical courage.” As a gay man, and especially as a gay man who grew up in a very conservative Christian religious situation in a very pious family, my coming out experience with my family is my own example of courageous action. Given the experiences of some gay and lesbian individuals that I have known, the risks to me were both moral and physical: I could have been disowned or shunned by my family, with whom I was very close and who provided my main source of social support, and although it was an extremely remote danger in my own case, there have been cases of physical assault by families when their children reveal their sexuality to them. I was making a very real, very serious risk by coming out to my family, but I knew that it was the only way that I could make my way to a life that was fully lived, and preserve my integrity. In my case, unlike some, the results were uniformly positive and my family and I (and my partner) are closer than ever. The risk not taken, though, would likely have killed me in the ten years that have now passed—and quite literally, given the elevated suicide statistics for gays and lesbians.
Can this virtue be cultivated? As with most virtues, we can inculcate them in our children by example but we cannot force them to be virtuous. By exposing them—and ourselves—to stories of courage both “real” and mythic, we can learn the value of taking courageous stands in our lives. The real work, though, is to practice courage, and for most of us it will be the labor of a lifetime to work past our fears to regularly do the things that make a real difference to ourselves and those with whom we share the Earth.
